What a foreign buyer actually pays, earns, is taxed and can gain in residency across the nine markets INOVO works in — entry price, buying costs, net yield, capital growth, every relevant tax and the residency-by-property route, side by side. Compiled by INOVO from public and developer sources.
| Market | From | Buying costs | Net yield | Capital growth | Rental income tax | Capital gains | Annual tax | Residency via property |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAEFreehold only in designated investment zones | $200k | ~7-10% | 5-7% | 5-8% | 0% personally; 9% corporate tax only if held via a company | None (0% for individuals) | None | 10-yr Golden Visa at AED 2M (~$545k) property |
| CyprusNew-build from a developer required for fast-track PR | €200k | ~2-5% resale; +19% VAT on new-builds | 4-6% | 3-7% | Income-tax bands (nil to €22,000) + 2.65% GESY; SDC abolished 2026 | 20% flat (first ~€30k exempt) | None (only small municipal fees) | PR fast-track: €300k+VAT new-build from developer |
| SpainFreehold; check regional holiday-let licence rules | €165k | ~10-14% | 3-5% | 4-8% | 19% EU/EEA on net; 24% non-EU on gross | 19% (non-resident) | IBI ~0.4-1.1% of cadastral value | No RBI route (Golden Visa ended 3 Apr 2025) |
| MontenegroApartments owned freely; land may need a company; CBI ended 2022 | €150k | ~4-7% resale (new-builds carry 21% VAT) | 4-6% | 2-6% | 9-15% on net rent | 15% on the gain | ~0.25-1% of value (municipal) | 1-yr renewable permit; new €150k min value (Jan 2026) |
| ThailandCondos only, within the 49% foreign quota; no land | $120k | ~2-6% (freehold fees often shared) | 5-7% | 3-6% | Progressive PIT; ~5-15% effective | No separate CGT; individual: progressive WHT on appraised value + 3.3% SBT if sold <5yrs (else 0.5% stamp); corporate ~1% flat WHT | Land & building tax ~0.02-0.3% | No property route (Elite/LTR visas are separate) |
| Bali (Indonesia)No foreign freehold; leasehold/Hak Pakai/PT PMA; nominees illegal | $160k | ~2-4% leasehold; 10-15% via PT PMA | ~6-9% net (8-12% best-case prime short-let) | ~5-10% (prime land) | 10% final WHT on rent (via PT PMA) | 2.5% final tax on sale value | PBB ~0.1-0.3% | No property route (KITAS via investment/work) |
| United KingdomFlats usually leasehold; check ground rent & service charge | £120k | ~6-12% (incl. 5% BTL + 2% non-resident SDLT surcharges) | 5-6% North; 3-4% London/South | 2-4% | Income tax 20-45% on net profit (non-res via NRL scheme) | 18% / 24% on residential gains | Council tax (usually tenant); ATED if company-held | No RBI route (Tier 1 Investor closed Feb 2022) |
| SwitzerlandForeigners buy freehold only under the Andermatt Lex Koller exemption (to 2040) | $5.58M | ~1-2% (Uri: no transfer tax) | 2-3% | Stable, low | Income tax; Eigenmietwert to 2028 | Property-gains tax, tapers with hold | None in Canton Uri | No route (buying grants none) |
| MaldivesLeasehold only — a registered strata sub-lease, never freehold | $4.75M | Low; GST treatment unsettled | 6-9% (managed) | Not evidenced | 10% withholding on gross (non-resident) | 10% withholding on gross sale | None | No route |
Indicative figures for guidance only, compiled from public sources — not tax advice. Yields, taxes and visa rules change; always verify for your situation.
Freehold only in designated investment zones
New-build from a developer required for fast-track PR
Freehold; check regional holiday-let licence rules
Apartments owned freely; land may need a company; CBI ended 2022
Condos only, within the 49% foreign quota; no land
No foreign freehold; leasehold/Hak Pakai/PT PMA; nominees illegal
Flats usually leasehold; check ground rent & service charge
Foreigners buy freehold only under the Andermatt Lex Koller exemption (to 2040)
Leasehold only — a registered strata sub-lease, never freehold
Methodology: figures are indicative ranges for a typical foreign buyer, compiled by INOVO from government sources, developer price lists and reputable market data as at 2026-07-29. Yields are net of typical costs; taxes and residency thresholds change frequently — always verify for your own nationality and tax residency before acting. This is general information, not tax or legal advice.
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